Hoʻomaikaʻi a ʻeleʻele i ke ola olakino ʻokeʻo Kahiki

He aha ka mea ʻōpiopio ʻeleʻele?

A ʻōpala kelepona ʻeleʻele he ʻano ʻakaʻala kahi i hoʻoili ʻia mai ke pānaʻi ʻana a me ka ʻōpala o ke kāleka hou. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ke kāleka kūlou e hana ai i ke kao ʻeleʻele e mālama ʻia i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa loa me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e piʻi ana mai ka 40 ° C a 60°C no nā lā he ʻumi.

Me kēia mau kūlana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ke kāleka a huli mai i ka keʻokeʻo a i ka waihoʻoluʻu / ʻeleʻele. Hoʻopaʻa ia me ka nui o nā huaora nui a me nā minela e like me ka manganese, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Selenium, Vitamin B1, phosphorous, keleawe a me ka calcium.

ʻO ke kālele ʻeleʻele nui ʻia ke ʻano mea momona maikaʻi no nā haneli mau makahiki ma Thailand, South Korea, a me Iapana a ʻo nā nūhou ʻē aʻe e like me Taiwan, ua hana ia i nā wā i hala, inā ma nā haleʻaina a me nā eʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻohui i nā ʻono i nā meaʻai like ʻole, me ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo i nā mea ʻono, a ua manaʻo ʻia he mea maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mea o kona mau antiioxidant.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻai o nā meaʻai, ʻo nā mea ʻalani ʻē aʻe o ka mālama ʻia e loaʻa ai ke kōkua momona hōʻemi, ka hoʻomaikaʻi kino olakino a ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka kao ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i ka kāleʻa ʻeleʻele i loko o ke ʻano o ka pauka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele kākele ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka wai ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula.

 

ʻĀpana Kaila Pahu Ule Hoʻou

Loaʻa i ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele kahi hopena anti-inflammatory e hoʻokō ai ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana NO a me ka pro-inflammatory cytokine i hana ʻia i nā pūnaewele RAW264.7 i hoʻokomo ʻia e LPS. Hoʻonui ka cell cell hexane o ke kālika a me ka ʻōlelo ICAM-1 a me VCAM-1 i nā pūnaewele stromal endometrial TNF-a i hoʻā ʻia i kou kino.

Hoʻopili hou ia, leukotrienes, pro-inflammatory cytokine a me nā hana o ka COX-2 a me 5-lipooxygenase ma waena o nā pūnaewele RAW264.7 i hoʻokomo ʻia e LPS. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻoi aku ka emi o ke koʻikoʻi o kahi mumū a i ʻole pale ʻia mai ka hanana ʻana.

Ke hele mai i ka hana oxidative, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e pili ana i nā mea kūʻono a me nā flavonoids, ʻelua kīwana koʻikoʻi ma Nrf2 pathway activation. I nā mea like ʻole i hoʻolako ʻia e ke kāleka e hoʻonui i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike o mRNA i nā enzyme antioxidant e like me HO-1, NQO1, a me GSTs. ʻO nā mea hoʻohui, e komo pū ai nā tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives, N-makai N-fructosyl arginine allixin a me selenium, hoʻokō i kēia ma o ka hana Nrf2.

 

ʻĀpae Hoʻohui Kūleʻa Pale

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ua kaʻohi ʻia ka ʻelee kākele mai ka kāleka ʻōnaʻu ʻia ma ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana i ka mea i kū mai ma kahi kūlana paʻa. Pono ka hohonu o ka honua (me 80 a 90% e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa) a e like me ka 40 °C i ka 60 °C. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, ʻano like nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka hopena o Maillard.

Me ka wā, uaʻeleʻele ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i kahi kala ʻeleʻele. Hoʻouku pū lākou kahi momona tangy, syrupy, keʻa palaoa, nā pulu ʻono a me nā ʻono like ʻole.

Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana no ka mea hoʻohana i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe akā mai ka maʻamau mai ʻehā a i kanahā mau lā. Aia kēia i ka moʻomeheu a me nā makemake o nā mea hana ʻana a me nā kumu i manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻeleʻele ʻōleʻele.

Eia naʻe, e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia o kahi noiʻi, 21 mau lā maikaʻi loa i ka wā e hana ʻia ai ka lāʻau kākala ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o 90% a me kahi pākē o 70 60 °C. Wahi a ka loiloi, nā kūlana a me ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana e hoʻonui i nā pono antioxidant o nā huahana nā hopena, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pakanika ʻuala ʻeleʻele.

 

Loaʻa i ke olakino keʻokeʻo i ke olakino ʻeleʻele 

 He nui nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e loaʻa mai i nā pono olakino olakino, Me:  

1. Kōkua Uila ʻeleʻele Kōkua i ke kōkua luhi

ʻO nā hopena o hoʻokahi hoʻopaʻa iole i hōʻike ʻia hiki i ke kālika ʻeleʻele ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ke kino, ka nui o ka momona momona a me ka momona o ka ʻōpū. He hōʻailona paʻakikī kēia o ke kāleka ʻōleʻele kaumaha lilo pomaikai i waena o nā kānaka.

Ke kākoʻo ʻia nei nā hōʻike e ka hōʻike hou nei e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kāleka ʻeleʻele hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke puhi kino o ka ʻiʻo o kou kino. Hiki i kēia ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻēmi i ka paona wikiwiki hou no ka olakino maikaʻi a me ka physic.

No laila, inā he luhi a makemake paha ʻoe e luhi i kekahi paona, e noʻonoʻo e kaomi i loko o ka pona o ke kaila o ke kāwili.

2. Loaʻa maikaʻi ʻo ke kāleka ʻeleʻele no ka ʻili

ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi kālika ʻeleʻele no ka ʻili ma muli o ka loaʻa o ka hui S-allylcysteine ​​i loko o ka kālika. Hana ka mea hoʻohui i ka kālika i metabolize maʻalahi e hāʻawi i kou ʻili a me ke koena o kou kino e pale aku i nā maʻi.

ʻO kekahi o nā pōlele ʻeleʻele nui no ka hōʻili ʻana o ka ʻili i ka pale ʻana a me ka ʻoki ʻana. ʻO ka huehue ke ʻano maʻi o ka maʻi maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e nā kīnā a nā puʻupuʻu-e like me nā pimples ma kou ʻili. ʻO nā pimples ma muli o ka hoʻonāukiuki a me ka mumū o nā follicle kou lauoho.

Ma muli o kāna waiwai antibacterial, mahalo i allicin, keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e hoʻomake i nā huehue e pili ana i ka maʻi. Hoʻopili ia, ʻo kāna hopena anti-inflammatory e kōkua i ka hōʻemi i ka mānoanoa a me nā huhū e pili ana i ka huehue.

 

3. Kōkua ʻo Kākou Kahikina i kōkua me ka hoʻomaikaʻi o ka cholesterol kino

Hōʻike nā hōʻike ʻepekema like ʻole i ke kāleka ʻeleʻele i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka cholesterol i nā poʻe e hakakā nei me nā pae kiʻekiʻe kolene. Hoʻonui ia i nā lipoproteins-density kiʻekiʻe (HDL), ke kolala maikaʻi i kahi kanaka. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae o nā kolamu maikaʻi a me nā kiʻekiʻe triglycerides.

4.Ahu Pūkahu Kūleʻa ʻAkelika e kōkua me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke koko

Hoʻopili ʻia ke kāleka uliuli me nā pūpuna organosulfur, ke kāula ʻeleʻele hoʻi i kōkua i ke kīʻaha koko e hoʻomaha. Hiki i kēia hoʻomaha ke hoʻemi i ke kahe o ke koko no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kahe o ke koko e kahe maikaʻi ʻana.

Ma kahi noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea maʻi o 79 me ke koko kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi i kekahi hōʻemi koko o ka awelika o 11.8 mm ma waena o nā mea maʻi i lawe i nā papa kāleka. Ua kau ʻia kēia mau mea maʻi i kahi papa lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo 12 mau pule kahi e lawe ana lākou i ʻelua papa a ʻehā paha kāleka papa i kēlā me kēia lā i loko o ka manawa.

 

5. ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i ka ʻaihue

Hoʻopau me antioxidants, ke kāleka ʻeleʻele hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hōʻoluʻolu nui i ke kuni. ʻO kēia ua pili i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻoponopono nā antioxidants i ka hōʻailona hōʻailona, ​​no laila e kōkua ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka ʻaihue. Ma waho aʻe o kēia, hoʻoneʻeneʻe nā antioxidants i nā lāʻau radical manuahi i loko o kou kino e pale i kāu mau sela o ke kino mai ka hoʻoweliweli i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana iā lākou.

6. Lauoho olakino

Loaʻa nā pōmaele ʻeleʻele nona ka lauoho i nā kānaka mai ka manawa nā wā kahiko. I kēia mau lā, loaʻa ka aila keʻokeʻo i loko o nā hale kūʻai he nui e hāʻawi i nā poʻe makemake e mālama i ka lauoho olakino me nā pōmaikaʻi ʻeleʻele no ka lauoho. Kākoʻo ke aila i ka ulu ʻana o ka lauoho hou, pani i ka hāʻule o ka lauoho a hōʻemi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lauoho inā hoʻohana pinepine.

Loaʻa nā kāleka ʻeleʻele no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lauoho mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia nō ke kāleka nā anti-microbial waiwai, a laila hiki i ka hiki ke hakakā i nā huakini, nā maʻi, nā pūpū, a me ka parasites. No laila, inā ʻoe e noi i ke aila ʻoliki ʻōpala ma kou poʻo, hiki iā ia ke pale i ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama maoli i kēia mau mea. Ma ka hopena, e loaʻa i ke olakino ka lauoho a me ke poʻo.

Hoʻohui ʻia, pili nā pōmaikaʻi kālika ʻeleʻele no ka lauoho i ka nā hopena anti-inflammatory o ke kālaka. Hiki i ka palapala noi o ka aila huluhulu ʻeleʻele i kou poʻo ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka lū a me ka ukiuki e hele pū ana a me ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka lauoho i kekahi mau hihia.

 

7. Kōkua maʻo Kahika ʻahuʻula e kōkua aku me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi Tumau

Wahi a kahi noiʻi Kepanī i mālama ʻia ma 2007, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kāleka ʻeleʻele ke hōʻemi i ka tumo o ka ʻiole. Manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi he hiki nō paha kēia i nā kānaka. ʻAe like kēia kūlana me kahi International Journal of Preventive Medicine ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana. Hōʻike ka loiloi i ka lawe ʻana o kālika ʻelemakule i ka pili pili ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi noiʻi vitro i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 2014 i hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai kolona ka ulu ʻana o ke kikowaena a hoʻopau loa i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. 

8. Kākoʻo ʻulepelika ʻahuʻula e hōʻoia i ka olakino ʻoi aku ka naʻau

Pa olakino ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi aia i waena o nā pōmaikaʻi kālika ʻeleʻele kaulana i ʻike nui ʻia. I kahi hoʻohālikelike holoholona 2018 e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā pōmaikaʻi kālika ʻeleʻele a me nā hopena o ka kālika maka i ke olakino puʻuwai no ke kanaka e ola hou ana, ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi he ʻano like ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano ʻelua i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai.

Ma waho aʻe, ma muli o kona hiki i ke kolamu mālama kolamu, ʻo ka ʻōlapa ʻaina ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pilikia o ka naʻau.

9. Kōkua Uila ʻeleʻele i kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino Brain 

Eia kekahi, hiki nō i ka kāleka keʻokeʻo ke hoʻoikaika pū i kou hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoiai inā ʻoe e pilikia ana i kahi kūlana cognitive e like me a me ka maʻi ʻo Parkinson, maʻi ʻo Alzheimer a i ʻole dementia paha. Hiki i nā antioxidants e hōʻemi i kaʻeha hoʻoneʻe no ke kuleana a pili pū paha me ke kūlana. I ka hopena, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kou olakino, me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo.

 

Hoʻopuka nā kālika ʻē aʻe i nā pono olakino

No ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana o ke kāleka ʻeleʻele i ka ʻōnaehana pale, ʻoi aku paha lākou no ka:

• ʻO ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻomau maʻi maʻi
• ʻO ka pale a me ka hoʻomaha i ka maʻi prostate
• Jock lapaʻau lāʻau
• lapaʻau wāwae o ka ʻālapa
• ka maʻiʻeha
• ulcer-kumu digestive tract maʻi
• pale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka maʻi māmā
• pilikia hōʻeha
• ka pale maʻamau a me ka hoʻomaha
• ʻōpala huehu
• Hōʻailona i ka wart

 ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Bemila Kahuli a me ka ʻōkohu hou 

Ma muli o ka hopena Maillard e hele ai ka kāleka nui i lilo i ke kāleka ʻeleʻele, ʻaʻohe mea kupaianaha no kēia mau ʻōlima ʻelua mau ʻano, ʻaʻole wale ka kala-akamai, akā ke ʻano pū me nā ʻano loea.

Loaʻa ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻono me ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka fructans (fructose a me ka glucose) ma ke kāleka i ka wā e hoʻōla ai. I ka hopena hope loa, ua hoʻopau ke kāwele hope i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fructan haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kāleka i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā fructans ka mea nui e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi, ʻo ko lākou mea hōʻemi, no laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka keokeʻo ʻeleʻele ma mua o ka hou.

ʻAʻole like ka ikaika o ka ʻulaʻula ʻākala e like me ka nui o ke kāleka; ʻoi aku ka momona o ka mua, ka pulupulu a me ka balsamic. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka huhū. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻānai i ke kaʻo ʻeleʻele i ka haʻahaʻa allicin. I ka wā o ka lōlō ʻana, hoʻohuli kekahi o ka allicin i ke kāleka hou i loko o nā pūhui antioxidant e like me ka diallyl sulfide, ajoene, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide a me nā dithiins.

Ma muli o nā loli waiwai o ka physicochemical, ʻeleʻele kālele me ka nui o ka bioactivity, no ka laʻana, nā waiwai antioxidant, ma mua o ke kāleka hou. ʻO nā hoʻohui pū ʻia i loko o ke kao ʻōuli, e like me S-allylcysteine ​​(SAC) e ʻoi aku ka hana e like me ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kāleka hou.

ʻO ka mea nui aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka kāleka paʻakai i ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pōpoki, kalolo, aila a me ka hao a me ka hao e like me ke kāleka māla. Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mākeke mākeke i loaʻa ka vitamina C nui, nā kāmeka a me allicin ma mua o ke ʻano kāleka ʻōkena.

E hana pololei, ʻelua mau punika ʻaila māla he me 25 mau kalo, 3 mg sodium, 5.6 g ka kalapona, 1 g pūmala, 0.1 g momona, 0.4 g meaʻai kai, 5.2 mg huaora C, 30 mg calcium a me 0.3 mg hao. Ma kahi e hoʻohālikelike ai, ʻo ka hapa like o ka lāʻau kaila ʻeleʻele e loaʻa ana he 40 mau kalo, 4g mau kalaka, 1g protein, 2g momona, 1g meaʻai kai, 160mg sodium, 0.64mg hao, 2.2mg huaora C a me 20 milligrams calcium.

 

ʻĀpae Pale Pahu Uleʻele 

Inā makemake ʻoe e lawe i nā pōpoki o ke kāleka ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻahuʻula, a i ʻole ʻoni kākā o ka ʻulaʻula me nā kūpeʻe bentong, he mea nui loa ia e ʻimi i nā ʻōkuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia. I ka nui o nā wai ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele he huahana kūlohelohe, hiki paha i nā hopena pōkole ke kiʻi ʻia i ka nui.

no ka mea, ʻōpala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e hana i ka wai kulekele ʻōleʻomaʻo a i ʻole waiila i kā ʻia a i ʻole e hoʻohui i kāu papaʻai, hoʻohana pono 1/3 tsp o ka pauka hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia lā. Pili kēia hana i ka wā āu e makemake ai e hoʻohana i ka ʻākoʻakeʻa ʻeleʻele me ka gong bentong. A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hahai i ka ʻōlelo a ka kauka.

Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i ka nui o ke kāleka ʻeleʻele e ʻai ai i kahi lā? ʻĀ, ʻaʻoheʻikeʻike ʻepekema e hoʻoholo pololei ai i ka nui o ke kāleka ʻeleʻele e ʻai ai i kahi lā. Eia naʻe, noiʻi nā haʻawina ʻokoʻa a me nā loiloi mea hoʻohana 5-10 ʻāpana (cloves) i kēlā me kēia lā he kūpono kūpono a palekana.

Inā makemake ʻoe e lawe i nā pōpō ʻeleʻele i nā pōpō a i ʻole nā ​​papa, ʻo ka mahele lāʻau i koi nui ʻia ʻo 200mg. No ka hihia o Black Garlic Extract Tonic Gold, kahi wai kālika ʻeleʻele i makemake nui ʻia, ʻo 70ml ka lāʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā. 

 

Hoʻopā?

Kāliki ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i palekana no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kanaka a hiki i ka noi topical. Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano he waha pane, hiki iā ia hana i ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal, akā kū kēia i nā hanana kakaikahi. No laila, inā he ʻōpū a i ʻole digestive ka mōʻaukala, he mea nui e nīnau mua ʻoe i kāu kauka ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i ka unuhi a i ʻole kahi waihona e pili ana i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā loea ʻai ma GoldBee.

Eia nō kekahi, ʻaʻole palekana ka nui o nā pulu o nā huaʻala i nā keiki. Hiki i ka topical application ke hōʻeha i ka ʻehaʻeha i ka wā e hana ai ma ka wahine hāpai.

Kāleau Kāleka Kūleele ʻeleʻele 

 

1. Hoʻoulu ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai 

E like me ka aniani keʻokeʻo, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻelee ʻeleʻele no nā kumu kulinine i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā pā kai ʻono. ʻO ia puʻu i ka ʻono ʻa ka meaʻai.

 

2. nā mea hoʻonani 

Ma muli o kona mau antibactial a me ka anti-inflammatory mau hiʻohiʻona, hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena ma ke ʻano he nui i nā huahana kūmole. ʻO nā huahana kosmetika e loaʻa ana he maikaʻi ia i ka pale ʻana o ka hōʻola a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke olakino, ma waena o nā pono ʻē aʻe.

 

3. Hoʻohui ʻia ke olakino 

Hoʻonui ka keʻokeʻo i nā kāleka ʻeleʻele i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Pēlā e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka pahuhopu e hana i nā mea kōkua e kōkua ana i ka poʻe e haʻalele i nā maʻi like ʻole.

 

ʻĀpana Hoʻohui Kūleʻa Kūleʻele

Nā mea ʻapo kālai ʻia ʻehā hele mai i loko o nā ʻano like like ʻole ʻehā ʻōpala ʻōpala ʻōpala, kelepona ʻōpala ʻōpala a i ʻole ka wai ʻala ʻeleʻele. ʻO kekahi o nā mea noiʻi e hele ʻia e ka inoa ʻo Black Garlic Extract Tonic Gold, ʻo ia nō kahi wai ʻala ʻeleʻele.

 

Panina 

ʻO kahi kālika kālika ʻeleʻele kahi huahana o ke kālika maka hu. Loaʻa ia i ke ʻano o ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻalahala, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. ʻO kekahi o nā pono o kēia huki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana pale, pale ʻana i ka lauoho, ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻolilo ʻana o ke kaumaha. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpala i nā wahi like ʻole, me ka ʻaina culinary a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonaninani.

 

 

E hoʻomaopopo '

1. Banerjee S., Mukherjee PK, Maulik S. Garlic me he antioxidant: ʻO ka maikaʻi, maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa. Phytother. Res. 2003; 17: 97–106.
2. Ha AW, Ying T., Kim WK Nā hopena o ke kāleka ʻeleʻele (ʻO satvium allium) ʻikipihī i nā lipid metabolism ma nā mea nui i mālama aku i kahi meaʻai momona kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohui. Res. Hana ʻia. 2015; 9: 30–36
3. Kang O.-J. ʻO ka loiloi o nā melanoidins i kālai ʻia mai ke kāleka ʻeleʻele ma hope o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoiho wela. Kau. Hoʻohui. Keʻai ʻo Sci. 2016; 21: 398
4. Kim DG, Kang MJ, Hong SS, Choi YH, Shin JH Antiinflamapy hopena o nā hana ikaika e hana ke kaawale mai nā ʻōpala uliuli ʻokoʻa. Phytother. Res. 2017; 31: 53–61
5. ʻO Milner J. Encyclopedia o nā Mea Hoʻohui Meaʻai. Marcel Dekker; Nu Ioka, NY, USA: 2005. Garlic (ʻO Allium sativum) pp. 229-240.

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